The ‘African COP’

The 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) had been anticipated as the ‘African COP’, not only due to the African venue but also due to the opportunity it would afford African countries – with South Africa at the helm – to steer the debate on a global climate change regime. With the conference now over, lobby groups, international organisations, negotiators, observers and commentators alike have been taking stock of its outcome. Despite the litany of developmental and security implications of climate change, COP17 got underway with little hope that much might actually be achieved. In light of the discouraging condition of the global economy, with leading developed economies suffering financially, states were hardly in a mood to be making concessions that would impact their fiscal health. Nonetheless, an agreement was reached. Questions remain, however, about the significance of the outcome of the African COP for the world at large, but ultimately also for Africa.     

Deferred verification: the role of new verification technologies and approaches

ABSTRACT

Researchers have recently proposed a new approach to nuclear-arms-control verification, dubbed “deferred verification.” The concept forgoes inspections at sensitive nuclear sites and of nuclear weapons or components in classified form. To implement this concept, a state first divides its nuclear program into a closed segment and an open segment. The total fissile-material inventory in the closed segment, which includes the weapon complex, is known and declared with very high accuracy. Essentially no inspections take place in the closed segment. In contrast, inspectors have access to the open segment, which includes in particular the civilian nuclear sector. The fissile-material inventory in the open segment is known with less accuracy, but uncertainties can be reduced over time using nuclear-archaeology methods. Deferred verification relies primarily on established safeguards techniques and avoids many unresolved verification challenges, such as the need for information barriers for warhead confirmation measurements. At the same time, deferred verification faces some unique challenges. Here, we explore some of these challenges and offer possible solutions; to do so, we examine possible noncompliance strategies in which a state would seek to withhold a higher-than-declared inventory.     

需求可拆分的应急物资调度问题的蚁群算法

应急物资调度问题是个典型的需求可拆分的车辆路径问题,区别于传统的车辆路径问题,将每个需求节点只能由一辆车访问的约束去除,允许需求节点由多辆车进行访问。针对应急物资调度问题的特点,建立相应的多目标车辆路径数学规划模型(SDVRP),并根据模型特点设计改进蚁群优化算法。最后,进行相应的算例分析,验证了该模型和算法的有效性。     

Reaction characteristic of PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb composites and application in shaped charge liner

In this paper, the reaction characteristic and its application in shaped charge warhead of a novel reactive material, which introduced copper (Cu) and plumbum (Pb) into traditional polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al), are studied. The thermal analysis and chemical reaction behavior of the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb mixture are investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC),Thermo-gravimetry (TG), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Then, the shaped charge liners with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive materials are fabricated, and the X-ray experiments show that they could form reactive jets with excellent performance under the detonation effects of the shaped charge. Based on that, the penetration experiments of shaped charge with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner against steel plates are carried out, and the results demonstrate that the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets could produce a deeper penetration depth compared to the traditional PTFE/Al reactive jets. Meanwhile, the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets also show significant inner-blast effects, leading to dramatically cracking or fragmentation behavior of the penetrated steel plates. This new PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner shaped charge presents enhanced penetration behavior for steel targets that incorporates the penetration capability of a high-density and ductility jet, and the chemical energy release of PTFE-matrix reactive materials.     

新疆地方教材中公民教育的价值取向分析

公民教育目前已经成为我国理论与实践关注的重要领域。《新疆》作为新疆维吾尔自治区义务教育阶段的地方教材,在了解新疆历史、地理和各民族发展等区情方面发挥了积极的作用。地方教材是否具备公民教育理念和内容,以及在多大程度上体现了公民教育的核心内涵。文章采用内容分析的方法对新疆地方教材进行研究,揭示教材的积极方面和存在问题,为地方教材的进一步完善提供参考,进而促进新疆少数民族地区基础教育的发展。     

The Success of the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit and its Contribution to the Nonproliferation Regime

The 2014 Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) in The Hague was a resounding success, both in organizational terms and in terms of substance. The new substance can be found in the Communiqué, as well as in innovative joint statements by participants, all of which may be considered as implementation of actions decided upon in the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The next two years in the NSS process cannot be business as usual. This viewpoint makes some suggestions for NSS states to undertake between now and the final summit in 2016, including preparations for winding down the NSS process as we know it.     

污泥龄对污泥絮体中磷酸盐形态及其动态变化的影响

以污泥龄(SRT)为10 d和30 d的2组A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了SRT对污泥絮体中磷酸盐形态及其动态变化的影响。结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于胞外聚合物(EPS),EPS磷占污泥絮体磷总质量的69.45%~73.36%。正磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)、低分子量聚磷酸盐(LMW Poly-P)和高分子量聚磷酸盐(HMW Poly-P)是污泥絮体磷的主要形态。高SRT(30 d)污泥絮体EPS磷含量明显大于中SRT(10 d),表现为前者较后者有更高的PO3-4-P和HMW Poly-P含量,对应着高SRT(30 d)污泥絮体较中SRT(10 d)有更高的磷含量,前者约为后者的1.37倍。厌氧/好氧反应过程中,中SRT(10 d)污泥絮体EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量分别为高SRT(30 d)的1.35倍和1.46倍,主要归因于前者的PO3-4-P和HMW Poly-P较后者有更大的厌氧降低量,而PO3-4-P,LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P较后者有更大的好氧升高量,对应着中SRT(10 d)污泥絮体较高SRT(30 d)有更强的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷能力。     

夜间通风量对相变轻质房间室内热环境的影响

运用EnergyPlus软件,对含相变材料层轻质房间的室内热环境进行了模拟,分析了墙体结构、通风量等因素对相变材料轻质墙体的蓄、放热性能和室内热环境的影响。模拟结果表明:相变材料应用于轻质房间,能显著增强围护结构的热惰性,提高室内的热舒适性;同时采取夜间通风技术,可以有效地将白天蓄积的热量散至室外。相变材料布置在围护结构内侧时,室内环境的热舒适性比布置在外侧时更好。从自然通风的角度,相变材料布置于围护结构内侧时,选取换气数2.5次/h作为优化结果;相变材料布置于围护结构外侧时,选取换气数4.0次/h作为优化结果。     

高超声速飞行器巡航段多约束制导方法

针对高超声速飞行器巡航段飞行,建立了等高等速飞行的平衡条件,并对飞行器能否满足平衡条件开展分析。基于平衡条件提出了一种能够满足飞行过程中多约束条件以及终端航向角约束的制导方法,推导得到了满足多约束条件的最优制导律。该方法所有制导指令均采用解析公式实时获得,具有较强适应性。在各种偏差条件下对方法进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

New maximum entropy methods for modeling lifetime distributions

This article introduces two new maximum entropy (ME) methods for modeling the distribution of time to an event. One method is within the classical ME framework and provides characterizations of change point models such as the piecewise exponential distribution. The second method uses the entropy of the equilibrium distribution (ED) for the objective function and provides new characterizations of the exponential, Weibull, Pareto, and uniform distributions. With the same moment constraints, the classical ME and the maximum ED entropy algorithms generate different models for the interarrival time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 427–434, 2014